Abstract:
The development of sustainable and intelligent food packaging systems has gained considerable attention as an effective strategy to mitigate the pressing global challenges of plastic waste, microbial contamination, and food spoilage. Among biodegradable polymers, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has emerged as a promising candidate due to its renewable origin, transparency, and favorable mechanical properties. However, intrinsic shortcomings such as brittleness, limited barrier performance, and lack of intrinsic bioactivity restrict its broader use in advanced applications. This review provides a critical overview of recent progress in multifunctional PLA-based films reinforced with Lignin-containing cellulose nanofibers (LCNFs), zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles, and natural anthocyanins. LCNFs offer mechanical reinforcement, UV-shielding, and antioxidant properties derived from residual lignin, while simultaneously improving compatibility with hydrophobic PLA matrices. ZnO nanoparticles contribute antimicrobial protection, thermal stability, and UV resistance, though challenges such as nanoparticle aggregation remain. In parallel, anthocyanins function as safe, natural, and pH-responsive indicators capable of visually monitoring food freshness through distinct and reversible color transitions. By integrating these complementary components, next-generation PLA composites can achieve biodegradability, structural durability, antimicrobial efficacy, and intelligent sensing within a single platform. Beyond summarizing the state of the art, this review discusses theoretical insights into multifunctional nanocomposites, examines advantages and limitations of incorporating ZnO and anthocyanins into PLA–LCNF matrices, and highlights innovative stabilization strategies. Finally, key perspectives for future research are outlined, emphasizing the potential of these systems to minimize food waste, improve consumer safety, and provide sustainable alternatives to conventional plastics, thereby advancing global efforts toward intelligent and eco-friendly packaging solutions.
Keywords: poly(lactic acid) (PLA), lignin-containing cellulose nanofibers (LCNFs), zinc oxide (ZnO), anthocyanins, smart food packaging, food safety
Biography:
Dr. Saleh Ghahramani received his Ph.D. in Pulp and Paper Science from the University of Tehran. His research focuses on nanocellulose, bio-based nanocomposites, and intelligent food packaging materials. He has extensive experience in producing and functionalizing cellulose nanocrystals and nanofibers from agricultural residues and developing multifunctional biodegradable films with antimicrobial and pH-responsive properties. His research aims to integrate materials science and nanotechnology to develop sustainable packaging systems that improve food safety, extend shelf life, and reduce environmental impacts.
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