Abstract:
Definitions: Nanoscience is a modern field embracing the sciences and engineering needed for designing, synthesizing and describing materials and devices.
Nanodevices are critical enablers that will allow mankind to exploit the ultimate technological capabilities of electronic, magnetic, optical, and biological systems.
Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers (nm), commonly known as the nanoscale [Wikipedia].
The paper aims to systematize knowledge in Nanoscience, with some suggestive examples: CNT (Carbon Nano-tube), skyrmion, installations of nanoindentation and of digital photoelasticity.
Applications
Figure 1 shows the range for twelve (apostolic digits) methods of electrical measurement of non-electrical quantities, customized for force transducers, starting with the parametric ones (R and C) and continuing with more complex ones, mainly electromagnetic.
Optical methods “resonate” with electromagnetic ones, Nanoscience being mainly in the visible range (in the rainbow colours) (c) and imposing intuitive and ingenious artistic representations. Referring to the electromagnetic spectrum, Frequency is the number of waves that pass a point each second, while Wavelength is the length of one wave. Optoelectronics (or optronics) is the study of electronic devices and systems that find, detect and control light.
Common domain names appear in the Handbook of Force Transducers versions [1 and 2] (a) and KRISS – the National Metrology Institute of South Korea (b).
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are hollow cylinders of graphene composed of a single layer of carbon atoms, densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice [3].
The electronic “coexistence” of optical and electromagnetic methods is explainable by the dual nature of light (particle and wave) and we find it in Figure 2 [4], where they appear in a broad perspective: an 8.6 pN laser pointer, nanoindentation in rainbow colours (b), Atomic Force Microscopy (d) and optical interferometer (e).
On the scale of the universe, solar magnetic storms occur (Fig. 3,a), while in the laboratory, nanometric particles are produced, i.e. skyrmions [5], tiny magnetic vortices (in rainbow colours) found at the surface of magnetic materials manipulated by mechanical energy.
Skyrmions, as magnetoelastic sensors (Fig. 3,b), have been widely touted as providing the basis for new high-density memory devices because of their small size (nanometers) and relative stability. The force to create and destroy skyrmions was quite low, less than ten nanonewtons (10 nN, i.e. NanoNewton) per skyrmion, comparable to the pressure exerted by the tip of a conventional pencil when we write in a notebook.
In Figure 4 two Experimental Stress Analysis (σ) installations are presented: a) classical and b) digital photoelasticity. Comparing the specific strain maps (ε), the second one has higher measurement sensitivity by three orders of magnitude (powers of 10, in this case: nano vs micro)!
Retardation describes the phase shift between the polarization component projected along the fast axis and the component projected along the slow axis. Retardation is specified in units of degrees, waves, or nanometers.
A synoptic table with 16 rainbow scales of different shapes appears in Figure 5.
Such colour bars or disks are used in a wide range of applications, within various areas, as follows:
F. Surface profile rugosity (in microns = µ);
K. Visible light spectrum (with “components” expressed in nanometers: 400 nm for UV and 700 nm for IR, respectively);
L. Stress map (von Mises) for an elastic element of a patented wheel weigher (with specific deformations expressed in microStrain).
Artistic creation also involves the science of proportions, exemplified in Figure 6 by several spiral vortexes (I also included the one in rainbow colors), and the Da Vincian 1:1.618 format continues to be adopted by publishing houses today.
An artistic vision of Nanoscience appears in Figure 7. At the top of this composition, five spectacular inserts can be seen, the first one being made by IA – Britannica, and in the center a rainbow scale can be identified!
Call for an editor of the Rainbow Encyclopedia
And continuing like this, from rainbow to rainbow, the most comprehensive encyclopedia is borning, entitled “Rainbow Colours in Nature, Life, Science and Art” (Fig. 8).
Wow, Leonardo da Vinci’s saying: Everything is connected! Gaudeamus igitur…
Biography:
Dan Mihai Ştefănescu, born in Bucharest on 6 April 1946, received BS (1969) in Applied Electronics, MS (1983) in Experimental Stress Analysis and PhD cum laude (1999) in Electrical Engineering, all from the “Politehnica” University of Bucharest. He worked as Senior Researcher in Measurement Techniques with the National Institute for Aerospace Research in Bucharest (1969 – 2003). He completed a Postdoctoral Fellowship (NATO grant) on Knowledge-based Intelligent Systems for Selecting Industrial Sensors at Twente University of Enschede, The Netherlands (2002). He was Visiting Scientist within Korean Research Institute of Standards and Science, conducting a project on Force Transducers Optimization by Numerical Methods (2004) and then within Center for Measurement Standards in Taiwan, R.O.C., leading a project on Improved Portable Truck Scales (2005). Now, he is Senior Consultant for the Romanian Measurement Society. His current research interests: electrical measurement of mechanical quantities, material testing installations and metrological procedures for multicomponent transducers. He has authored about 200 manuscripts in peer-reviewed journals and is the author or coauthor of four technical books. He is member of the Verband Deutscher Electrotechniker (1987), IEEE (2023) and Romanian representative (1988) as well as member of the General Council of IMEKO (2014).
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